Contents

# Introduction
# One-way v Interactive
# Analogue v Digital
# Circuit switching v Packet switching
# Fixed v Mobile
# Geo-stationary satellites v LEO satellites
# Low bandwidth v High bandwidth
# Electrical signal v Optical signal
# Basic signal v Processed signal
# Stand-alone networks v Converged offerings

One way of understanding how telecommunications systems work and how
they are changing is to consider a number of basic paired concepts.
This short paper looks at nine such pairs and it should be emphasised
that many of them are linked.

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