Oracle offers many ways to control
data access rules, including:

• Grant security (e.g., system, object, and
  role privileges)
• Grant execute security (e.g., definer and
  invoker rights)
• Virtual private databases (VPD)
• N-tier authentication (e.g., RADIUS and
  authentication servers)

Let's start with the basics by looking at grant security to examine its benefits
and pitfalls. The original relational model provides a method for granting
privileges to users to allow for access control. This grant model was originally
described by E.F. Codd and Chris Date in the original relational model and the
model is standard across most commercial relational databases.

Oracle grant security takes several forms: object grants, system privilege
grants, and role-based grants. The idea is that every user in the database is
granted access to specific data objects to control data access.

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